|| 4.28 ||
द्रव्ययज्ञास्तपोयज्ञा योगयज्ञास्तथापरे। स्वाध्यायज्ञानयज्ञाश्च यतयः संशितव्रताः।।
dravya-yajñās tapo-yajñā yoga-yajñās tathāpare svādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāś ca yatayaḥ saṁśita-vratāḥ
Word by Word
dravya-yajñāḥ (sacrifice of possessions) tapaḥ-yajñāḥ (sacrifice in austerities) yoga-yajñāḥ (sacrifice in eightfold mysticism) tathā (as well as) apare (others) svādhyāya (study of the Vedas) jñāna-yajñāḥ (sacrifice in knowledge) ca (also) yatayaḥ (enlightened persons) saṁśita-vratāḥ (taken to strict vows).
Translation
Having accepted strict vows, some become enlightened by sacrificing their possessions, and others by performing severe austerities, by practicing the yoga of eightfold mysticism, or by studying the Vedas to advance in transcendental knowledge.
Meaning
Kṛṣṇa lists various other types of sacrifices performed by dedicated souls. Some offer their material wealth through charity (‘dravya-yajña’), while others perform intense physical penances (‘tapo-yajña’). Some practice the eightfold system of mysticism, and others dedicate their lives to the study of scriptures and the cultivation of wisdom.
All these practitioners are called ‘yatayaḥ’ because they are striving for perfection with ‘saṁśita-vratāḥ’—strict vows. This shows that the path of the Gītā is broad enough to accommodate different temperaments. Whether one is a philanthropist, an ascetic, a meditator, or a scholar, their work is valid as long as it is done as an offering to God.
This verse encourages us to find our own unique way of contributing. Sacrifice doesn’t always mean giving up everything and going to the forest. It means taking whatever resources or talents we have—money, health, intelligence, or time—and using them with a sense of sacred purpose. When we live by a vow of service, our entire life becomes a continuous act of worship.