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धूमो रात्रिस्तथा कृष्णः षण्मासा दक्षिणायनम्। तत्र चान्द्रमसं ज्योतिर्योगी प्राप्य निवर्तते।।

dhūmo rātris tathā kṛṣṇaḥ ṣaṇ-māsā dakṣiṇāyanam tatra cāndramasaṁ jyotir yogī prāpya nivartate

dhūmaḥ (smoke) rātriḥ (night) tathā (also) kṛṣṇaḥ (the dark fortnight of the moon) ṣaṭ-māsāḥ (six months) dakṣiṇa-ayaṇam (when the sun passes on the southern side) tatra (there) cāndramasam (the moon) jyotiḥ (light) yogī (the mystic) prāpya (achieving) nivartate (comes back)

The mystic who passes away from this world during the smoke, the night, the fortnight of the waning moon, or the six months when the sun passes to the south reaches the moon planet but again comes back.

Kṛṣṇa describes the ‘Path of Darkness’ (Pitṛyāna). If a person passes away during smoke, at night, during the waning moon, or during the six months when the sun travels in the south, they reach the moon planet but eventually must return to earth. These elements—Smoke, Night, the Waning Moon, and the Southern Sun—represent a lack of clarity and a lingering attachment to material results. This path leads to ‘Swarga’, or the temporary heavenly regions, where the soul enjoys the fruits of its pious deeds. Once the ‘credits’ are used up, the soul falls back into the world of birth and death. This is the destination of the ‘good person’ who is not yet a ‘liberated person’. They are still caught in the system of reward and punishment. Kṛṣṇa is warning Arjuna that even the most glorious material success or a trip to heaven is still a temporary state that ends in ‘nivartate’—returning to the struggle.